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eCPPTv2 Notes
  • About
  • 1-System Security
    • Architecture Fundamentals
      • Security Implementations
      • References
    • Assembler Debuggers and Tool Arsenal
      • Compiler
      • NASM
      • Tool Arsenal
      • References
    • Buffer Overflow
      • Finding Buffer Overflows
      • Exploiting Buffer Overflow
      • Security Implementations
      • References
    • Shellcoding
      • Types of Shellcode
      • Encoding of Shellcode
      • Debugging a Shellcode
      • Creating our First Shellcode
      • More Advanced Shellcode
      • Shellcode and Payload Generators
      • References
    • Cryptography and Password Cracking
      • Cryptography Hash Function
      • Public Key Infrastructure
      • Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
      • Secure Shell (SSH)
      • Cryptographic Attack
      • Security Pitfalls
      • Windows 2000/XP/2k3/Vista/7/8 Passwords
      • References
    • MALWARE
      • Techniques Used by Malware
      • How Malware Spreads
      • Samples
      • References
  • 2-Network Security
    • Information Gathering
      • Search Engines
      • Social Media
      • Infrastructures
      • Tools
      • References
    • Scanning
      • Detect Live Hosts and Ports
      • Service and OS detection
      • Firewall/IDS Evasion
      • References
    • Enumeration
      • NetBIOS
      • SNMP
      • References
    • Sniffing and MitM Attacks
      • What is Sniffing
      • Sniffing in Action
      • Basic of ARP
      • Sniffing Tools
      • Man in the Middle Attacks
      • Attacking Tools
      • Intercepting SSL Traffic
      • References
    • Exploitation
      • Vulnerability Assessment
      • Low Hanging Fruits
      • Exploitation
      • References
    • Post Exploitation
      • Privilege Escalation and Maintaining Access
      • Pillaging / Data Harvesting
      • Mapping the internal network
      • Exploitation through Pivoting
      • References
    • Anonymity
      • Browsing Anonymously
      • Tunneling for Anonymity
      • References
    • Social Engineering
      • Types of Social Engineering
      • Samples of Social Engineering Attacks
      • Pretexting Samples
      • Tools
      • References
  • 3-Powershell for Pentesters
    • Introduction
      • Why PowerShell ?
      • References
    • PowerShell Fundamentals
      • Cmdlets
      • Modules
      • Scripts
      • Objects
      • References
    • Offensive PowerShell
      • Downloading & Execution
      • Obfuscation
      • Information Gathering & Recon
      • Post-Exploitation With Powershell
      • References
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  1. 1-System Security

Assembler Debuggers and Tool Arsenal

PreviousReferencesNextCompiler

Last updated 4 years ago

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1. Assembler

An assembler is a program that translates the Assembly language to the machine code. There are several different assemblers that depend on the target system's ISA:

  • Microsoft Macro Assembler (), x86 assembler that uses Intel syntax for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows

  • GNU Assembler (), used by GNU Project, default back-end of GCC

  • Netwide Assembler (), x86 architecture used to write 16-bit, 32-bit(IA-32), and 64-bit(x86-64) programs, one of the most popular assemblers for Linux

  • Flat Assembler (), x86, supports Intel-style assembly language on the IA-32 and x86-64

We will use NASM in this note

When a source code file is assembled, the resulting file is called an object file. It is a binary representation of the program.

While the assembly instructions and the machine code have a one-to-one correspondence, and the translation process may be simple, the assembler does some further operations such as assigning memory location to variables and instructions and resolving symbolic names.

Once the assembler has created the object file, a linker is needed in order to create the actual executable file. What a linker does is take one or more object files and combine them to create the executable file.

An example of these object files are the kernel32.dll and user32.dll which are required to create a windows executables that accesses certain libraries.

The process from the assembly code to the executable file can be represented here:

             ASM File
                 |
                 V
           -------------
           | Assembler |
           -------------
      ___________|____________
      |          |            |
      V          V            V
Object File Object File Static Library
      |          |            |
      _________________________
                 |
                 V
             ----------
             | Linker |
             ----------
                 |
                 V
             Executables
MASM
GAS
NASM
FASM